AVMA Presidents of the 21st Century

Donald F. Smith, Cornell University

Posted July 16, 2014

The AVMA convention is almost upon us, and with it, the selection of the president-elect who will assume the presidency for 2015-16.1 The decision will be made by the House of Delegates (HOD) immediately prior to the convention.

The typical profile of the fifteen 21st century presidents is a 60-something male small animal practice owner who graduated from veterinary college 35-40 years before their installation. Only one president was elected from a career outside of private clinical practice (Bonnie Beaver, academia), and her specialty is behavior, a subset of medicine.2 Though a few of the recent presidents have had experience in mixed animal practice, none came from a primarily or exclusively food animal or equine practice.

The breadth of educational background of our 21st century presidents has been remarkable. They are graduates of 11 different veterinary colleges. What is even more impressive is that the states in which they reside have been equally distributed from the five regions of the country, with three each from the West, Midwest, Southwest, Southeast, and Northeast.

In a previous article, I mentioned this aspect of our diversity and contrasted it to some branches of our government.3 Consider the justices on the current Supreme Court, for example, where eight of the nine are graduates of just two law schools.4 Or what about the four most recent US presidents whom are all Ivy League graduates, with two5 having obtained law degrees from the same colleges as the Supreme Court justices.

In terms of AVMA leadership experience before election to the presidency, most have arisen from the Executive Board (EB), with many serving as chair or vice chair. (Drs James Brandt and Joe Howell served as chair of the EB following their presidencies). Several presidents also served on the HOD for a number of years before ascending to the Board. In 2002, Dr. Jack Walther became the first person in many decades to be elected president-elect from the position of vice president, a position which is primarily dedicated to student interactions.6

I acknowledge the desirability to have experienced and well-prepared veterinarians in the office of the president. However, I sometimes wonder if we could find a way to elect qualified AVMA presidents with fewer than 30 years experience―the average length since 2000 is 36.8 years―since receiving their veterinary degrees. I recognize there are financial, professional development, and work-life balance issues, but perhaps we could develop creative organizational strategies that open the process to a larger pool of potential candidates.

Regardless of how we strive to optimally represent the entirety of our profession, let’s make sure we do not lose some of the desirable features of our current situation. Geographic and educational diversity are two positive components of our presidential profile. I, for one, think those are important items of note and that they could, in a quiet way, even serve as an exemplar for our judicial and executive branches of government.

Following is a list of the first 15 AVMA presidents of the 21st Century.

Name	Term	State	College	AVMA Leadership7
Theodore Cohn	2014-15	Colorado	TUSK ’75	EB(CH), HOD
Clark Fobian	2013-14	Missouri	UMO ’77	EB
Douglas Aspros	2012-13	New York	COR ’75	EB(VC), COE
Rene Carlson	2011-12	Wisconsin	MINN ’78	VP, HOD, COE
Larry Kornegay	2010-11	Texas	TAMU ’71	EB(VC)
Larry Corry	2009-10	Georgia	UGA ’66	EB(CH), HOD
James Cook	2008-09	Kentucky	AUB ’76	EB(VC), HOD
Greg Hammer	2007-08	Delaware	KSU ’73	EB(VC), HOD
Roger Mahr	2006-07	Illinois	ISU ’71	EB(CH)
Henry Childers	2005-06	Rhode Island	AUB ’54	EB
Bonnie Beaver	2004-05	Texas	MINN ’68	EB(CH)8
Jack Walther	2003-04	Nevada	UCD ’63	VP, HOD
Joe Howell	2002-03	Oklahoma	OKL ’72	EB(CH)9
James Brandt	2001-02	Florida	OKL ’64	EB(CH)10, HOD
James Nave	2000-01	Nevada	UMO ’68	EB(CH), HOD

AVMA Presidents from 2000-01 to 2014-15, including their college and year of DVM graduation. Under AVMA leadership experience, I restricted those responsibilities cited to Executive Board (EB) including Chair (CH) and Vice Chair (VC), Vice President (VP), House of Delegates (HOD), and Council on Education (COE).

(Table prepared by the author, 2014)11

Though many of our presidents-elect are selected without a challenger, we will once again this year have a contested election for the person to serve as president in 2015-16. The two candidates are Dr. Larry Dee (Florida) and Dr. Joe Kinnarney (North Carolina).12

Dr. Smith invites comments at dfs6@cornell.edu

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1 The president-elect and also the vice president will be selected by the House of Delegates immediately preceding the AVMA annual convention in Denver on July 25, 2014.
2 Dr. Henry Childers, president 2005-06, was appointed as assistant clinical professor in the School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, however his primary professional focus was clinical practice.
3 Smith, Donald F. The Changing Face of AVMA Presidents Through the Years. Perspectives in Veterinary Medicine. May 21, 2013.
4 Harvard and Yale. Justice Ginsberg is a graduate of Columbia Law School. Six of the current nine justices also have undergraduate degrees from Ivy League universities.
5 Presidents Obama and Clinton.
6 More recently (2010), Dr. Rene Carlson, who had served as vice president, was elected to president-elect.
7 EB = Executive Board; CH = Chair; VC = Vice chair; HOD = House of Delegates; COE = Council on Education.
8 During the same meeting in which Dr. Beaver was elected chair of the Executive Board in a contested race, another woman, Dr. Joan Samuels, was elected vice-chair. That race was uncontested.
9 Dr. Howell became chair of the Executive Board following his presidency.
10 Dr. Brandt also became chair of the Executive Board following his presidency.
11 The author acknowledges the assistance of several former AVMA presidents in preparation of this table.
12 Smith, Donald F. AVMA Presidential Candidates Discuss Governance, Future Scope of the Profession, and Advocacy. Perspectives in Veterinary Medicine, July 7, 2014.

Women's Leadership Development Workshop Featured at the 2014 AVMA Convention

Donald F. Smith, Cornell University

Co-author, Julie Kumble, Women's Fund of Western Massachusetts

Posted July 11, 2014

If you are coming to Denver for the AVMA Convention, consider enrolling in the workshop for Women’s Leadership in Veterinary Medicine.

What: Women’s Leadership Development Workshop (AVMA number 16518)
When: Friday, July 25th 1:00 – 5:00 pm
Where: Colorado Convention Center: 702
Attendees: Veterinarians, veterinary students, technicians, and administrative staff in organized veterinary medicine. MEN particularly welcomed.
Cost of Workshop: $60.00 (student and trainee scholarships still available), contact Dr. Smith at dfs6@cornell.edu

Presenters:

• Julie Kumble, MEd, Interim CEO, Women’s Fund of Western Massachusetts
• Donald Smith, DVM, Professor of Surgery and Dean Emeritus, Cornell University

Kumble and Smith are both founding members of the Women’s Veterinary Leadership Development Initiative.

       

Julie Kumble, MEd	Donald F. Smith, DVM
Interim CEO, Women’s Fund	Professor and Dean Emeritus,
of Western Massachusetts	Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine
(Photo provided by Julie Kumble)	(Photo provided by Dr. Smith)

  

Outline of Workshop

Session I. I:00 - 1:50

The Critical Role of Women in Veterinary Leadership

Lecture on the current status of women's leadership within the four main areas of veterinary medicine (practice, professional associations, academia, and industry) including an overview of the factors contributing to the leadership gap and critical elements to closing the gap.

Session II. 2:00 - 2:50

The Role of Mentoring in Career Advancement

From deans to industry professionals to veterinary medical association leaders, nearly all women praise and appreciate the role of mentors in their success. This session explores the elements that make for successful mentor/mentee relationships, and helps participants identify resources for finding the right mentors for them at different career stages.

Session III. 3:00 - 3:50

How Women Lead in a World They Didn't Design

Lecture and interactive discussion using case studies on three key areas: grassroots relationship, "contrapuntal management," and sustaining critical mass.

Session IV. 4:00 - 4:50

Practicing Essential Leadership Skills: Trauma-free Negotiation, Public Speaking

This highly interactive session will allow participants to practice and develop some key leadership skills.

Veterinary students are especially invited to attend this workshop. When we presented a similar program earlier this spring at Cornell1, many of the students were concerned by the current state of women’s leadership in the profession. However, they were also encouraged by the opportunities that lay before them. One of the participants was Michelle Forella, president of the Cornell Student Chapter of the Women’s Veterinary Leadership Development Initiative (WVLDI). She summarized her feelings this way,

Since we began the conversation, I have been equally surprised by the barriers my classmates already face, and awed by the motivation they have to overcome them. It is exciting to know that we are entering this profession with a network of colleagues already dedicated to promoting equal opportunities for women.2

Michelle will be attending this workshop, as will Becky Donnelly, another Cornell WVLDI officer. She adds,

From every new statistic that I read to each conversation that I engage in regarding women’s leadership, I become more motivated not only to break down models that prohibit women from attaining leadership positions but to also encourage my peers and colleagues to pursue any and all leadership opportunities.3

The attendance limit is approaching as we draw near to the convention, so consider enrolling now before it is too late.

Dr. Smith welcomes comments at dfs6@cornell.edu

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1 Smith, Donald F and Julie Kumble. “Women’s Leadership in Veterinary Medicine: A Course for Veterinary Students.” Perspectives in Veterinary Medicine April 2, 2014.
2 Forella, Michelle (President, Student Chapter of the Women’s Veterinary Leadership Development Initiative), email to Donald F. Smith (Cornell University), July 7, 2014.
3 Donnelly, Rebecca, (Officer, Student Chapter of the Women’s Veterinary Leadership Development Initiative), email to Donald F. Smith (Cornell University), July 8, 2014.

Monuments to Veterinary Medicine, Part 2

Donald F. Smith, Cornell University

July 9, 2014

The oral interview is an effective way to capture the history of veterinary medicine and also honor those whose impact on the profession might otherwise have been lost. This is the second part in a five-part series on oral interviews I conducted starting in 2007.1

One of my challenges in conducting and preserving these interviews is determining the boundaries for reporting where accuracy and comprehensiveness clash with confidentiality and good taste. Sometimes the lines were clear, such as when a nonagenarian alumnus in the midst of telling me about student life in the 1930s, shared a disgusting anti-Semitic quote that had been made by one of the instructors while he and a Jewish student had been on clinical duty together 70 years earlier. As he told me the story, seemingly reliving it for the first time in decades, he turned his head and gazed across the room from his seat on the living room sofa. His voice, which had been soft and sensitive, turned abrasive and discordant as he blurted out the offensive remark. Almost involuntarily, he snapped his head back, looked straight into my eyes and, with a trembling voice demanded, “You won’t write that, will you?” I assured him that I would delete that segment from the tape (which I did), and we proceeded with the interview. For me, that was a responsible way to handle that situation, and I have not repeated the remark either orally or in writing even though the interviewee passed several years ago.

Other situations have been more difficult to handle, such as when the historical record has been revised (perhaps unknowingly) by the surviving members of the family. I am aware of two occasions in which that happened, and they presented difficult dilemmas. In both cases, I ultimately chose the route of non-disclosure, though it meant failing to recount the complete story as evidenced by examination of the institution’s period faculty minutes.

Neither the surviving spouse, in one instance, nor the surviving daughter, in the other, told of their family member’s dismissal from Cornell, which in both cases was for academic reasons. One man failed at Cornell, then proceeded to another veterinary college a year later (following a brief stint in the military) and successfully completed the veterinary curriculum at that institution. The other man was alleged by family members to have left Cornell because of financial hardship, but in fact had been dismissed for academic reasons. He later returned to Cornell and successfully completed his DVM degree.

During a few occasions, highly personal information was disclosed in the course of the interview. Sometimes this was unintentional, such as information relating to a sexual relationship or a description of a wayward member of the family, and the interviewee later requested that I not share it (and I have not).

In the first installment of summaries of the oral interviews in Enduring Veterinary Legacy,2 I shared the abstract of the interview with Dr. Tevis Goldhaft, who had entered Cornell in 1931 as one of 17 Jewish students in this class. To thwart the establishment of a new veterinary college on Long Island, Cornell increased its enrollment of Jewish students to approximately 20% throughout the 1930s. Many of these students were from urban areas, especially New York City and the surrounding areas, and did not have extensive farm backgrounds.

Dr. Harry J. Fallon, 1938, Graduation Photo

(© New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University)

In addition to Dr. Goldhaft, I interviewed two of these veterinarians who also graduated in the 1930s, and the surviving spouses of two others. Dr. Harry Fallon and Dr. Henry Grossman graduated in 1938.

Fallon began his educational career under his given name, Henry Feldman, but changed his surname thinking it was too “Jewish-sounding”. He was concerned it might limit his opportunities for employment. As it turned out, his Jewish heritage was the strongest factor in his getting an exceptional starting job in a good practice.

The owners of a practice in Akron, Ohio, included a veterinarian of the Quaker faith who had graduated from the Ohio State University, and a Catholic man from Cornell. According to Dr. Fallon, the two could never resolve between themselves whether to hire entry-level associates who were either Quaker or Catholic, and so they ended the stalemate by agreeing to hire Jewish graduates. They continued this practice for several years, usually recruiting the top academic Jewish student from Cornell every two years, and then sending them on to start their own practices.

In the spring of 1938, the offer went to a student who had an identical twin in the same class. But the young man (and, in turn, his brother) declined, as they had decided to work together and open a practice in the New York City area. The offer next fell to Fallon who excitedly accepted the invitation. It proved to be an outstanding job with great mentors, and he eventually moving to West Virginia where he became a prominent veterinarian, even writing articles while in clinical practice. He rose to become president of the state’s Veterinary Medical Association.

Dr. Henry E. Grossman, 1938, Graduation Photo

(© New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University)

Dr. Henry Grossman also graduated in 1938. Though I had known him as a prominent member of the New York City veterinary community and former president of the state’s Veterinary Medical Society, he had passed in 2000 and my interview was with his wife and one of his daughters. The Grossman story describes what it was like to develop a veterinary practice from its beginning, by initially transforming a few rooms in their mother’s home in Brooklyn, then moving the practice into a rented corner building and hanging a neon sign in the shape of a Scottie dog, made popular because of President Roosevelt’s dog named Fala. Dr. Grossman’s practice was very successful, and he maintained it for 60 years until health problems forced his retirement.

Dr. Isidor I. Sprecker, 1939, Graduation Photo

(© New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University)

Eight members of the graduating class of 1939 were also Jewish. I knew Dr. Isidor Sprecker (formerly Sprecher) very well as he was a frequent visitor to Cornell and, with his wife, had become a major benefactor to the college. The veterinary library and also the comparative cancer program bear the Sprecher3 name in recognition of their many contributions.

I never conducted a recorded interview with Dr. Sprecker during this lifetime, but Mrs. Sylvia Sprecker granted an interview at her Delray Beach home in 2008. She described her husband’s experiences as an officer in the Army Veterinary Corps during World War II. He was stationed in the British West Indies where he was the chief food inspector but also took care of the dogs and other pets of the officers on the base. She and Isidor were married in July 1945 with, in Mrs. Sprecker’s words, “a honeymoon on Barbados, courtesy of Uncle Sam.”

Dr. Sprecker had a strong passion for education and a deep admiration for Ezra Cornell, the institution’s co-founder and first benefactor. Shortly after presenting a speech to alumni in January 2004 honoring the birthday of Mr. Cornell, I received a telephone call informing me that Isidor had just died. I felt a warm rush go through my body as I realized how these two men of such different backgrounds had been so similar in their core values of learning and giving.

Dr. Robert Ferber, 1939, Graduation Photo

(© New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University)

My 2008 visit with Dr. Robert Ferber in Syosset on Long Island remains one of my favorites. Ferber was a warm and robust gentleman, and was so well-prepared for the interview that I hardly had to prompt him as he progressed into a long, interesting and articulate description of his life, starting from childhood through his days at Cornell.

The child of Russian immigrants, Ferber was raised in Brooklyn and Queens. He applied to Cornell with an undergraduate degree (rare at that time when the pre-veterinary requirements were for one year of college education) but was denied admission and went to Michigan State University and was accepted as a transfer student after his first year. Though he had been bitterly disappointed not to have been accepted initially at Cornell despite his stellar academic record, Ferber chose to speak about the positive aspects of his student life, and the many students of all backgrounds who would became lifelong friends and colleagues.

Ferber started a small animal practice in Bayside, New York, in a period when there were only four established practices in the area. He became the patriarch of a family of veterinarians that would eventually include not only his younger brother, but his son and grandson. He was one of the longest surviving members of the Class of 1939, passing last December (2013), nine months before his 100th birthday.

Veterinary medicine in the pre World War II era was largely defined by agricultural priorities and admission of students from rural areas. The period stories of Jewish veterinarians who were the children of Russian and East European immigrants coming from an urban background provides what you might first imagine to be a grating juxtaposition of religious, cultural and professional differences.

Rather than differences, however, these interviews consistently tell of how students from widely different backgrounds formed a common bond during the harsh Depression years. Along with veterinarians with similar values from across the country, these men and an occasional woman, shaped the growth and development of veterinary medicine in ways that set the stage for the next half century.

Dr. Smith welcomes comments at dfs6@cornell.edu

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1 Smith, Donald F. Monuments to Veterinary Medicine. Perspectives in Veterinary Medicine, June 23rd, 2014.
2 Smith, Donald F. An Enduring Veterinary Legacy, Bringing History to Life.
3 In the named tributes to Dr. and Mrs. Sprecker, the former spelling (Sprecher) is used.

AVMA Presidential Candidates Discuss Governance, Future Scope of the Profession, and Advocacy

Posted July 7, 2014

Donald Smith, Cornell University 

On June 18, the website of the American Veterinary Medical Association (JAVMA news) posted an interview with the two candidates for president-elect of the AVMA.1 Drs. Larry G. Dee and Joseph H. Kinnarney are running for the position that will be decided by the House of Delegates (HOD) July 25th preceding the annual convention in Denver.

After reading the responses to the interviewer’s questions, I decided to invite the two candidates to expand on specific subjects that I thought may be of interest to readers of this site. Both candidates agreed and their written responses follow. I am grateful to both individuals for participating in this request for comment, and to AVMA Senior News Editor, Susan C. Kohler, for her support.2

Regarding Length of Terms in Office:
You have a combined 27 years of service in the House of Delegates (HOD). Admittedly that was a different era when service and time commitment were often measured by longevity, but even during those decades some may have felt it excessive to have such a long period of service. How do you explain this when you both advocate for more active engagement from the membership?

Dr. Larry G. Dee:
The short answer to the question is that we represented our associations in an acceptable, appropriate, and perhaps, exemplary fashion that encouraged our reelection to additional terms in the HOD. When I first entered the HOD 20 years ago, the typical delegate had demonstrated years of service to their association, often as president of that association. Longevity of service in the House allowed a better understanding of AVMA process, and allowed the development of relationships between members. These factors must be compared to the value of increasing opportunities for new representation with its implied increase in activity, vigor, and enthusiasm, as well as increased representation of younger members of the Association.

While I was in the House, the FVMA elected the alternate delegate to a four-year term, automatically becoming delegate for an additional four years. In the absence of a superior candidate for the position, I was reelected alternate delegate at the end of my term as delegate. During my tenure in the House, I was able to introduce resolutions that resulted in the current State Advocacy Committee, and the AVMA position on standardization of microchips. In addition, through debate on the House floor, I was able to convince the House to refer to the Animal Welfare Committee a resolution which had been approved by the Executive Board, the HAC, and the reference committee, that, if passed, would have embarrassed the Association and the profession.

My terms in the House were frustrated by my inability to identify Florida veterinarians who would run for the various councils and committees, a frustration that continues. I believe the goal for the HOD should be to have delegates in the House who actively address the challenges of our profession and are willing to act as catalysts for change. I do not believe that longevity, in itself, is completely good or bad, nor do I believe that youth and inexperience, in themselves, should be gatekeepers for service.

Whether the changes in governance structure are approved or not, I believe they have invigorated the House to have a more active role in leading the Association.

Dr. Joseph H. Kinnarney:
I was fortunate to be a young leader in AVMA. At 35, I was elected alternate delegate to AVMA. At 45 I was elected AVMA Vice President and then went back in the HOD as delegate. While I agree it is important to involve younger members in leadership positions, we must also have a governance structure that allows advancement of more seasoned members.

Regarding Women’s Leadership in the AVMA:
In your combined reports, there is only one oblique mention of gender and that is in reference to “the nonpractice obligations of many women veterinarians.3 How would your appointment as president create opportunities for women’s leadership in the profession? More specifically, how would you propose helping to close the leadership gap in the AVMA?

Dr. Dee:
Ask them to serve.Offer expanded leadership training, like the Veterinary Leadership Conference to younger members of the profession. Clearly state that you have expectations that the women and men entering the profession will serve in leadership capacities. Understand the economic challenges of recent graduates and define leadership opportunities in time and economic costs so that they are attainable by this generation.

The Association is continuing to add places on various councils and committees for student representation and could expand this to include other young representatives. We may find that stipends may be required for some positions, such as the Executive Board, because of the costs incurred in time and money when serving in this capacity.

Dr. Kinnarney:
Gender issues in our profession need to be addressed as well as the make-up of our profession. Do we reflect the society we serve? No. Does our leadership reflect the membership? No. AVMA must address both of these issues. During the last 10 years both state association leadership and HOD Makeup has become more balanced. However, at the AVMA Officer and Executive Board level there have not been enough female members. We, as the current leaders must look at those positions and ask why there is this imbalance. Then work to make effective changes. With the current schedule of Board members, it eliminates over 99% of our members from seeking these positions. We must look at how the Board functions and make it doable for more of our members to seek these positions.

Regarding the Future Scope of the Profession:
One of you is quoted in JAVMA, “A hundred years ago, I am sure veterinarians thought the profession was over when cars replaced the horse and mule. Instead, we grew and adapted to the changing needs of the American public.”4 Yes, many thought the profession was in crisis when the remainder of our city colleges closed in the 1920s and the veterinary colleges retreated to the country where we clung to the land grant priority. A few of our leaders adopted public health priorities, but the majority of us learned how to treat cows and pigs and chickens, and a few farm horses. We left behind cities largely devoid of veterinarians interested in caring for the growing small animal population and we left the medical profession without the benefit of as many colleagues interested in comparative medicine.

We now live in a world where animals are considered to be an important contributor to human health, even one of the factors that could help slow the escalating cost of medical care. How do you think the AVMA could have a role in helping the veterinary profession develop a 21st century partnership with human medicine, one that we began to have a century ago when some of our veterinary colleges were aligned with major medical schools like Harvard, New York University, Columbia, and George Washington University? On the topic of pet health care, do you also think we have the capacity to expand the role of the academic veterinary community in the major urban areas of the country?

Dr. Dee:
These multiple issues are challenging. I think the primary gatekeeper in the One Health Initiative is the human medical profession. We must through advocacy and legislation expand our roles in this arena. Much of this challenge is economically driven. To expand our role in One Health I would consider supporting and expanding the National Academies of Practice in Veterinary Medicine by increasing the number of nominated individuals and giving financial and staff support to their initiatives. Expanding the financial support of veterinarians working in basic science and public health would be an initial step in improving our standing in the eyes of the human medical community.

“Expanding the role of the academic veterinary community in the major urban areas” is unclear. If you mean having “the capacity to open university administered or owned clinical facilities in urban areas,” while we may have the capacity, it would be opposed by most AVMA members in private practice. It would be seen as a non-profit competing against tax-paying small business. I believe there are an adequate number of specialty practices in urban areas to serve the needs of the public. One could consider these specialty practices as representing “the academic veterinary community.”

Dr. Kinnarney:
The AVMA president has not only been the spokesperson for the association, but also to our members and other veterinary associations. It is the time for our president to go to the public and profess the value of a veterinarian not only in terms of clinical practice, but public health, food safety, research, bio-security and human animal bond. The association must be considered the premier expert in these areas.

Regarding Advocacy for the Profession:
You both talk about communication and advocacy. If you had 30 minutes one-on-one with each of three prominent people (of any profession or position) to discuss one issue of the veterinary profession, who would they be and what issue would you address with each person?

Dr. Dee:
• President Obama: Veterinary medicine in biological terrorism events
• Head of FEMA: Veterinary resources and natural disasters
• Head of Parks and Wildlife Service: Feral horses

Dr. Kinnarney:
• Arne Duncan, Secretary of Education: How to address the debt to income problem facing veterinary medicine.
• Dr. Margaret Chan, Director Of WHO: The importance of Veterinary Medicine in protecting the health of the world.
• Warren Buffet: How to get the economics of the profession back on track.

On behalf of all of the readers of www.veritasdvmblog.com, I extend my sincere thanks and appreciation to both Dr. Dee and Dr. Kinnarney.

Dr. Smith invites comments at dfs6@cornell.edu

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1 ] Nolen, R. Scott (interviews). ““AVMA presidential candidates, in their own words. Dee, Kinnarney lay out their visions for the profession and AVMA,” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. July 1, 2014. 245(1):16-19.
2 Kahler, Susan C. (AVMA Senior News Editor), email to Donald F. Smith (Cornell University), July 1, 2014.
3 Nolen, “AVMA presidential candidates, in their own words.”
4 Ibid.