By Samantha Rivera, DVM candidate, 2014 Cornell University
Posted September 22, 2012
This historical blog is in recognition of the 150th anniversary
of the American Veterinary Medical Association (1863-2013).
As
a New Yorker born and bred in the Bronx, I have deep cultural ties with my city.
New York really has it all – a complex transportation system, numerous hospitals
and medical schools, and restaurants that reflect our rich cultural diversity.
So why did I reluctantly pack my bags during the summer of 2007 to travel all
the way upstate for my pre-professional and professional education?
Because New York City does not have a veterinary college.
When
I took Dr. Donald Smith’s course in veterinary history as a first-year student,
I was shocked to learn that at one time in the past, there were several veterinary
colleges in the heart of Manhattan. What
happened to these colleges? Why did they not survive? How did these veterinary
institutions change and evolve? These questions have bothered me during the
last two years, so, I finally decided to learn their history.
This is their
story.
In 1857, eight years before Cornell University was founded, an act was passed in the State capital of Albany to establish the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons. The veterinary practice of a French veterinarian-physician by the name of Alexandre Liautard was eventually selected for the site of the college, and clinical instruction began on November 23, 1864. This was only the second veterinary college in the country at the time.
Liautard was dean of the college for about a decade when internal disturbances resulted in his resignation. Joined by several faculty members, he left the institution and founded the American Veterinary College, which provided clinical instruction at 139 West 54th Street for the next 25 years.
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| A Graphic Outline of New York City's Five Veterinary College (1857-1921) |
Problems between the board and
staff persisted at the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, and
another group of faculty resigned in 1878 to found the Columbia Veterinary
College. Also called the College of Comparative Medicine, the governing body of
this institution contained several MDs with veterinarian Erskine Bates serving as dean.
The three veterinary institutions existed simultaneously in New York City for several years, providing instruction to hundreds
of prospective veterinarians. By most accounts, Liautard was the most
prominent spokesperson for the veterinary profession in the United States at
this time. He continued his role as dean of the American Veterinary College, while
Harry D. Gills led the New York City College of Veterinary
Surgeons.
Charges of impropriety in 1884 forced Bates to resign from his leadership of the Columbia Veterinary College, and college merged with the American Veterinary College. Despite its short
history of only seven years, Columbia’s 80 veterinary graduates comprised
almost ten percent of the total graduates of the five colleges over their
six-decade history.
In another merger, the New
York College of Veterinary Surgeons and the American Veterinary College consolidated
in 1899 to create an entirely new veterinary institution associated with New
York University (NYU). The name of this new institution was the New York University
New York-American Veterinary College, with W.J. Coates as dean. New York College of Veterinary Surgeons had almost 300 graduates between 1857-1899, while the American Veterinary College had twice that many graduates between 1875-1899.
Though Cornell University had offered
limited instruction in veterinary medicine since 1868, it was not until 1894
that the State passed a law authorizing the establishment of a veterinary
college at the university in the rural upstate town of Ithaca.
In 1905, eleven years after Cornell was designated as a state-supported veterinary college, a bill was introduced to the New York State Assembly that would fund a veterinary college in New York City. Cornell vigorously opposed the bill, but the law was passed and New York University became home to a state-supported veterinary college in 1913. The institution was known as NYU New York State Veterinary College. It had a total of 116 graduates between the years 1899-1913.
In 1905, eleven years after Cornell was designated as a state-supported veterinary college, a bill was introduced to the New York State Assembly that would fund a veterinary college in New York City. Cornell vigorously opposed the bill, but the law was passed and New York University became home to a state-supported veterinary college in 1913. The institution was known as NYU New York State Veterinary College. It had a total of 116 graduates between the years 1899-1913.
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| Period Veterinary Publication Advertising Two New York State Veterinary Colleges, one at Cornell University (L) and one at New York University (R), circa 1916 |
Dean Coates died in 1916 after a long illness. Dr. Horace Hoskins served as dean until 1921, when he too passed. The institution was devastated by the loss of their beloved deans. Sadly, the challenge of funding and continued leadership, and the loss of the horse as the dominant means of city transportation, took its toll and the college suspended operation in the following year.
Formal veterinary education
ceased to exist in New York City ninety years ago, in 1922. Ironically, it was
about the same time as Cornell’s medical school was pulling up its roots in
Ithaca and moving to New York. The
nation’s most populous city has been without
a veterinary college ever since.
Dr. Smith invites comments at dfs6@cornell.edu
Dr. Smith invites comments at dfs6@cornell.edu
