By Donald F. Smith, Cornell University
Posted October 7, 2014
I recently received a hand-written, two-page
letter from a veterinarian who graduated from Cornell in 1946. It was my first communication from Dr. Sylvia
Burg Salk since she returned to Cornell for her class reunion eight years ago.
That reunion, the only one she ever attended, had been a partial reconciliation
visit for Dr. Salk as the memories of her student days at Cornell were not
pleasant.
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| Dr. Syliva Burg Salk, center seating during Class of 1946 reunion, June 1946 Photo by Cornell University |
Sylvia Burg was a bright, young Jewish woman who
grew up in the small town of Hunter, deep in the Catskill area, 125 miles north
of New York City. Though Cornell had
accepted its first woman veterinary student in 1905, and by 1940 had graduated
many more women than any other US veterinary college (15), Burg’s first
application was denied.
She applied the following year, and was again
denied. Frustrated and angry, Sylvia’s
mother traveled to Cornell and met with the dean, Dr. William Arthur Hagan. “I
know neither the substance nor the tenor of the conversation,” Dr. Salk told me
when I visited her in California in 1999, “but it must have been interesting
because I was admitted the following fall on my third attempt.”[i]
Sylvia met her future husband “over a horse
carcass during dissection lab.” Herman Salk had been a veterinary student at
Middlesex College in Massachusetts, the college established in the mid-1930s,
primarily to accommodate Jewish students, but forced to close by the AVMA a few
years later because it was alleged to have been substandard. At the time, the
feeling of many close to the situation was that the closure of both the
Middlesex medical and veterinary colleges was related to anti-Semitism.[ii] Regardless of the circumstances that sealed
their fate, Herman was one of the few students admitted to Cornell as a
transfer student to complete his education.
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| Dr. Herman Maurice Salk, Graduation Photo Courtesy of Cornell University |
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| Dr. Sylvia Burg Salk, Graduation Photo Courtesy of Cornell University |
The Salks moved to Vermont following graduation and Sylvia became the state’s first female veterinarian. They joined with a classmate named George Brightenback, with Sylvia doing the small animal work while the two men looked after the large animals in the practice. After a brief period in which Herman worked in the virology department of Parke-Davis labs, the Salks moved to a farm in western Pennsylvania where Herman raised laboratory mice for $100 a month. They supplemented their income by operating a small animal practice out of their home using the kitchen table as an operating table.
Those were also
the days when Herman's brother, Jonas Salk, was feverishly working at the
nearby University of Pittsburgh to develop the polio vaccine that bears his
name. The children of the two families grew up together during this period in
the early 50s when the vaccine was being developed and tested.
In 1954, Herman
and Sylvia left the East, moving to the desert region of California, where they
opened a small animal practice.
For a
substantial part of their adult lives, however, the Salks did humanitarian and
veterinary work in developing cultures. Their international involvement began
in the late ‘60s when they hosted African exchange students in their home. A
decade later, their son, Steven (a veterinary graduate from UC, Davis) worked
with the Masai tribe through the USAID program. Sylvia visited him in 1975, and
was so moved by the need amongst the Masai that she convinced her husband to
make their ultimate career move.
Answering an advertisement
in the AVMA journal to work with Heifer Project International, the Salks sold
their practice and started a new chapter of their life. They spent the next
several years on a series of tours of duty, working in Africa (Cameroon and
Egypt) and in the Far East (Thailand, China and Laos). When they returned to
the US, they worked in the Southwest with the Navajo and Hopi nations.
Their
experiences were remarkable, Dr. Sylvia Salk told me.
We
lived under challenging conditions, but our work was satisfying. We taught
vaccination strategies, production medicine, nutrition and management. We tried
to leave places better than we found them.
In 1990, four
and a half decades after she left Cornell, Dr. Sylvia Salk enrolled in a MS
program in international public health at Loma Linda University. As the only veterinarian in the class—and
certainly having the most abundant world experience—she was able to bring a
broad perspective to the program, especially in the area of zoonotic diseases. For
example, she reminded faculty and students alike to check cattle for scabies
while visiting villagers for the same condition. She also described the efficiency of
management opportunities, describing techniques for raising ducks and pigs over
the village fish pond.
One of the Salks’
many legacies is a scholarship program they established in the late ‘70s that
provided funding for African students to come to the US for college education
in the health sciences, education or agriculture. Dozens of students benefitted
from the program, including a young Masai woman who became the first woman from
her tribe to pursue an advanced degree.
Returning to
that letter I received from Dr. Salk on September 9th, she said how
happy she was to read the current issue of “Scopes,” the college newsletter in
which she learned of the Cornell students establishing a chapter of the Women’s
Veterinary Leadership Development Initiative.
She was excited that things had changed from when she had been a
student. I could sense her pride in being one of the survivors from very
challenging era in our history, and contrasting her experiences with the
changes that we see today.[iii]
Reading about the student chapter of the Women’s
Veterinary Leadership Development Initiative restored a feeling of pride in Cornell
that I had lost many years ago when I was a student in the early ‘40s. Both my
husband, Herman, and I felt disenfranchised. As the years went by … we never
truly reconciled with our Alma mater.…
Now that I’m in my 91st year, I fully
admire what you and Cornell are doing. Thank you for your dedication to a
long-neglected phase of Cornell history.
One of the
challenges we face in researching and teaching the history of veterinary
medicine is that we tend to see the profession in the context of our own times.
How soon we forget what it was like only two or three generations ago. Viewing the
transformation of the profession across decades of time is important, however,
and we must not too easily dismiss the experiences of those whose persistence
and success despite tough odds have helped shape the opportunities we have
today.
Especially for
the women such as Dr. Sylvia Burg Salk, to whom we owe so much.
[i]
Salk, Sylvia Burg (DVM 1946). Interview with Donald F. Smith (Cornell
University) in Palm Springs, California, 1999.
[ii]
Smith, Donald F. Middlesex
Veterinary College: A Short-Lived Experiment in Meritocracy. Perspectives in Veterinary Medicine.
October 24, 2013.
[iii]
Salk, Sylvia Burg (DVM 1946). Letter to Donald F. Smith (Cornell University)
Sept 9, 2014.
Dr. Smith invites comments at dfs6@cornell.edu